Definition -

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression characterized by a recurrent seasonal pattern, with symptoms lasting about 4-5 months out of the year. It most commonly begins in late fall. This SAD gets worse in the late fall or early winter before ending in the sunnier days of spring. 

 

It’s pretty normal to feel a little down during colder months, so one may be stuck inside since it gets very cold and dark early. SAD however can get very serious and affect one’s life, including how one might feel and think for months.

 

Causes -

Reduced sunlight, environmental factors, and hormonal factors are the big causes of SAD's. The decrease in daylight hours during the fall and winter months may disrupt the body's internal clock (circadian rhythm) and lead to imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and melatonin, which regulate mood and sleep.

 

Symptoms -

Symptoms include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness or worthlessness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed changes in appetite or weight, fatigue, lower energy, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide when worsened. 

 

Symptoms often start in the late fall or early winter and improve in the spring or summer. However, some people experience SAD in the reverse pattern, with symptoms occurring in the spring or summer and improving in the fall or winter.

 

Treatments -

Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) typically involves a combination of approaches to alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being.

 

Light therapy, a common treatment, involves exposure to bright artificial light that mimics natural sunlight, usually using a light box or light therapy lamp. 

 

Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), helps individuals develop coping strategies to manage depressive symptoms. Medications like antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be prescribed to help regulate mood. 

 

Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and managing stress can also play a crucial role in alleviating symptoms of SAD. Treatment plans are often tailored to individual needs and may involve a combination of these approaches for optimal effectiveness.